Minimally invasive lung volume reduction device and method

ABSTRACT

A lung volume reduction system is disclosed comprising an implantable device adapted to be delivered to a lung airway of a patient in a delivery configuration and to change to a deployed configuration to bend the lung airway. The invention also discloses a method of bending a lung airway of a patient comprising inserting a device into the airway in a delivery configuration and bending the device into a deployed configuration, thereby bending the airway.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/743,471 filed on Mar. 13, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

Devices, systems and methods are described for treating lungs. The devices improve the quality of life and restore lung function for patients suffering from emphysema. The devices consist of an implant and a delivery catheter that can be advanced through tortuous anatomy and actuated to retain a pre-determined shape and rigidity. The actuated implanted modifies the shape of the airways and locally compresses lung parenchyma to cause volume reduction and thereby tensions the lung parenchyma to restore elastic recoil. Systems and devices are also included that deploy and actuate the implantable devices, as well as systems and devices designed for recapture.

2. Background of the Invention

Current medical literature describes emphysema as a chronic (long-term) lung disease that can get worse over time. It's usually caused by smoking. Having emphysema means some of the air sacs in your lungs are damaged, making it hard to breathe. Some reports indicate that emphysema is the fourth largest cause of mortality in the U.S., effecting an estimated 16-30 million U.S. citizens. Each year approximately 100,000 sufferers die of the disease. Smoking has been identified as a major cause, but with ever increasing air pollution and other environmental factors that negatively affect pulmonary patients, the number of people affected by emphysema is on the rise.

A currently available solution for patients suffering from emphysema is a surgical procedure called Lung Volume Reduction (LVR) surgery whereby diseased lung is resected and the volume of the lung is reduced. This allows healthier lung tissue to expand into the volume previously occupied by the diseased tissue and allows the diaphragm to recover. High mortality and morbidity may be associated with this invasive procedure. Several minimally invasive investigational therapies exist that aim at improving the quality of life and restoring lung function for patients suffering from emphysema. These potential therapies include mechanical devices and biological treatments. The Zephyr™ device by Emphasys (Redwood City Calif.) and the IBV™ device by Spiration (Redmond Wash.) are mechanical one way valve devices. The underlying theory behind these devices is to achieve absorptive atelectasis by preventing air from entering diseased portion of the lung, while allowing air and mucous to pass through the device out of the diseased regions.

The Watanabe spigot is another mechanical device that completely occludes the airway, thereby preventing air from entering and exiting the lung. Collateral ventilation (interlobar and intralobar—porous flow paths that prevent complete occlusion) prevents atelectasis and this is shown in the published Emphasys VENT clinical trial data, where approximately ⅓ or fewer of the patients actually achieve measurable atelectasis. The lack of atelectasis or lung volume reduction drastically reduces the effectiveness of such devices. Other mechanical devices include means of deploying anchors into airways and physically deforming airways by drawing the anchors together via cables.

Biological treatments utilize tissue engineering aimed at causing scarring at specific locations. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to control the scarring and to prevent uncontrolled proliferation of scarring.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An aspect of the invention includes a lung volume reduction system comprising an implantable device adapted to be delivered to a lung airway of a patient in a delivery configuration and to change to a deployed configuration to bend the lung airway. The system has a delivery configuration that is resiliently bendable into a plurality of shapes. The system can have a deployed configuration that has a rigid shape. Further shapes include: c-shape; S-shape; and Spiral, to name a few.

The system can further be adapted to comprise an actuator adapted to be operated from outside the patient to change the implantable device from the delivery configuration to the deployed configuration. The actuator comprises an actuation element connected to a distal end of the implantable device and adapted to be moved proximally to bend the device. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the distal end includes the front end of the device and can include, for example, from the mid-point along the length to the end furthest away from the user.

In some embodiments, the system can further be adapted to comprise a lock adapted to lock the device in the deployed configuration. In some embodiments, the lock comprises a ratchet. In other embodiments, the lock can be unlocked for retrieval. The system can further comprise a connector adapted to connect the implantable device to the actuator and to disconnect the device from the actuator after actuation. The device can be configured to comprise a member having a plurality of notches adapted to permit the device to bend more easily in one direction than in another. In some embodiments, the device can further be adapted to self-actuate from the delivery configuration to the deployed configuration. The devices of the invention can be comprised of shape memory material. Suitable shape memory material are known in the art and include the nickel-titanium alloy Nitinol. In some embodiments a plurality of shape memory elements can be configured to form a flexible overtube. In other embodiments, the device comprises a plurality of asymmetric segments and a connecting element adapted to connect the segments. In still other embodiments, the device is adapted to be delivered through a working channel of a bronchoscope. The device can further be adapted to provide an anchor to anchor the device within the airway. In still other embodiments, the system further comprises a delivery tool adapted to deliver the device to a treatment site in the airway. In yet other embodiments, the system further comprises a retrieval tool adapted to retrieve the device from the airway. The retrieval device can further be adapted to unlock the device from the deployed configuration. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the device can be configured to have a fixed length or a variable length.

A method of bending a lung airway of a patient is also provided. The method comprising inserting a device into the airway in a delivery configuration and bending the device into a deployed configuration, thereby bending the airway. In some embodiments of the method, the bending step comprises operating an actuator outside the patient, the actuator being operatively connected to the device. The method further comprises locking the device into the deployed configuration. The method can also comprise unlocking the device to permit it to return to the delivery configuration. In yet other embodiments, the method can include disconnecting the actuator from the device. In some instances, the device comprises a plurality of asymmetric segments, inserting comprises delivering the plurality of asymmetric segment to the airway. In still other embodiments, the bending comprises rotating at least one asymmetric segment with respect to at least another asymmetric segment. In some instances, the device comprises shape memory material, bending comprises permitting the device to bend itself The method can also further comprise the step of delivering an overtube and subsequently delivering a shape memory element to the overtube. Depending upon the desired result, the bending can comprise bending the device into a substantially C shape; bending the device into a substantially S shape; or bending the device into a substantially spiral shape. Additionally, the inserting step can further comprise delivering the device through a working channel of a bronchoscope. Finally, the method can further comprise the step of retrieving the device from the airway.

The design of the device facilitates strain relief on both ends of the device. Further the ends of the device in either the delivery or deployed state are more resilient.

The implant length can range from, for example, 2 cm to 10 cm. Typically, the length is 5 cm. The diameter of the device can range from 1.00 mm to 3.0 mm, preferably 2.4 mm. The device is used with a catheter which has a working length of 60 cm to 200 cm, preferably 90 cm.

Suitable materials for use in constructing the implant, delivery or retrieval systems include materials selected from: metals (stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloy (Nitinol), titanium); polymers (durable and bioabsorbable); ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polycarbonate, silicone, urethane, Teflong (available from DuPont), fluoropolymers, Poly (d,1-lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(glycolic acid caprolactone), poly(lactide co-glycolides), as well as any other material that would be considered suitable by a person of skill in the art. Other materials include polymers (nylon, Pebax®&, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polycarbonate, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), high density polyethyelene, low density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyimide, urethane, polyethylene, and terephthalate), as well as any other material that would be considered suitable by a person of skill in the art. One or more materials can be employed in any of the embodiments described.

In one embodiment, the device is constructed from a metallic or polymeric tube with slots separate by specific distances that allow preferential bending of the tube where the slots are oriented. In another embodiment, the implant is composed of short segments of metallic or polymeric tubes or cylinders.

Aspects of the invention also include devices adapted to deliver and/or retrieve the implant. The device can be configured to pull or push the actuation device; lock the device in a particular configuration; unlock the device; maintain the device at a temperature that facilitates implantation; manipulates the proximal end of the device to facilitate retrieval; and/or controls the torque on the device.

The delivery catheter construction includes a stainless steel hypotube, stainless steel tight-pitch coil, polymeric tube (polyimide, Nylon, Pebax® (available from Ato Chimie), Teflon®, fluoropolymers) with stainless steel reinforcement (braided, axial).

In operation the devices of the invention are minimally invasive and can be used with a bronchoscope procedure. There is no incision, and no violation of the pleural space. Collateral ventilation does not affect the effectiveness. The devices can be used for homogeneous and heterogeneous emphysema.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the attached documents that set forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

FIGS. 1 A-C illustrates the anatomy of the respiratory system;

FIGS. 2 A-D illustrate a bronchoscope;

FIG. 3 illustrates a bronchoscope in combination with a delivery device for a lung volume reduction device according to the invention;

FIGS. 4 A-F illustrate a lung volume reduction device according to an aspect of the invention;

FIGS. 5 A-B illustrate a lung volume reduction device according to another aspect of the invention;

FIGS. 6 A-D illustrate a lung volume reduction device according to another aspect of the invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates a lung volume reduction device according to another aspect of the invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates a lung volume reduction device encased in a sheath;

FIGS. 9 A-D illustrate a lung volume reduction device according to another aspect of the invention;

FIGS. 10 A-B illustrate segments suitable for use in configuring a lung volume reduction device according to an aspect of the invention;

FIGS. 11 A-F illustrate a plurality of individual wires formed of shape memory material that can be deployed to form a lung volume reduction device and a delivery device;

FIG. 12 illustrates a lock feature suitable for use at a proximal end of a lung volume reduction device;

FIGS. 13 A-B illustrate a stopper adapted to hold tension on a lung volume reduction device;

FIGS. 14 A-C illustrates a self locking mechanism suitable for use with the lung volume reduction devices of the invention;

FIGS. 15 A-D illustrate a decoupler system;

FIG. 16 A-C illustrates a decoupling system;

FIGS. 17 A-B depict a mechanism for decoupling the delivery device from a lung volume reduction device;

FIG. 18 illustrates another mechanism suitable for use in decoupling the delivery device from a lung volume reduction device;

FIGS. 19 A-B illustrate yet another embodiment of a decoupling system;

FIGS. 20 A-E illustrate a hitch pin configuration useful in decoupling the delivery device;

FIG. 21 illustrates an activation mechanism suitable for use with the devices of the invention;

FIG. 22 illustrates an alternative mechanism for proximally controlling the deployment of the device;

FIG. 23 illustrates a spur gear suitable for use with control mechanisms of the invention;

FIG. 24 illustrates a proximal control device for actuating an implant;

FIG. 25 illustrates another proximal control device and delivery catheter system for actuating an implant while maintaining a desired temperature at a distal end;

FIG. 26 illustrates yet another proximal control device for use in recapture of an implanted device;

FIGS. 27 A-B illustrates an alternative embodiment of a retrieval device;

FIGS. 28 A-B illustrate device components adapted to engage each other;

FIGS. 29 A-C illustrate another retrieval mechanism;

FIGS. 30 A-B illustrate a retrieval device comprising a snare wire;

FIGS. 31 A-D illustrates devices in a variety of deployed conditions;

FIG. 32 illustrates a lung volume reduction device in combination with a delivery catheter;

FIGS. 33 A-C illustrate a variety of device configurations with atraumatic tips;

FIGS. 34 A-B illustrate a withdrawal system having a blade to separate the device from the surrounding tissue;

FIGS. 35 A-C illustrate a device implanted within the lungs; and

FIG. 36 illustrates a method steps for implanting the device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

By way of background and to provide context for the invention, FIG. 1 A illustrates the respiratory system 10 located primarily within a thoracic cavity 11. This description of anatomy and physiology is provided in order to facilitate an understanding of the invention. Persons of skill in the art, will appreciate that the scope and nature of the invention is not limited by the anatomy discussion provided. Further, it will be appreciated there can be variations in anatomical characteristics of an individual, as a result of a variety of factors, which are not described herein. The respiratory system 10 includes the trachea 12, which brings air from the nose 8 or mouth 9 into the right primary bronchus 14 and the left primary bronchus 16. From the right primary bronchus 14 the air enters the right lung 18; from the left primary bronchus 16 the air enters the left lung 20. The right lung 18 and the left lung 20, together comprise the lungs 19. The left lung 20 is comprised of only two lobes while the right lung 18 is comprised of three lobes, in part to provide space for the heart typically located in the left side of the thoracic cavity 11, also referred to as the chest cavity.

As shown in more detail in FIG. 1 B, the primary bronchus, e.g. left primary bronchus 16, that leads into the lung, e.g. left lung 20, branches into secondary bronchus 22, and then further into tertiary bronchus 24, and still further into bronchioles 26, the terminal bronchiole 28 and finally the alveoli 30. The pleural cavity 38 is the space between the lungs and the chest wall. The pleural cavity 38 protects the lungs 19 and allows the lungs to move during breathing. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the pleura 40 defines the pleural cavity 38 and consists of two layers, the visceral pleurae 42 and the parietal pleurae 44, with a thin layer of pleural fluid therebetween. The space occupied by the pleural fluid is referred to as the pleural space 46. Each of the two pleurae layers 42, 44, are comprised of very porous mesenchymal serous membranes through which small amounts of interstitial fluid transude continually into the pleural space 46. The total amount of fluid in the pleural space 46 is typically slight. Under normal conditions, excess fluid is typically pumped out of the pleural space 46 by the lymphatic vessels.

The lungs 19 are described in current literature an elastic structure that float within the thoracic cavity 11. The thin layer of pleural fluid that surrounds the lungs 19 lubricates the movement of the lungs within the thoracic cavity 11. Suction of excess fluid from the pleural space 46 into the lymphatic channels maintains a slight suction between the visceral pleural surface of the lung pleura 42 and the parietal pleural surface of the thoracic cavity 44. This slight suction creates a negative pressure that keeps the lungs 19 inflated and floating within the thoracic cavity 11. Without the negative pressure, the lungs 19 collapse like a balloon and expel air through the trachea 12. Thus, the natural process of breathing out is almost entirely passive because of the elastic recoil of the lungs 19 and chest cage structures. As a result of this physiological arrangement, when the pleura 42, 44 is breached, the negative pressure that keeps the lungs 19 in a suspended condition disappears and the lungs 19 collapse from the elastic recoil effect.

When fully expanded, the lungs 19 completely fill the pleural cavity 38 and the parietal pleurae 44 and visceral pleurae 42 come into contact. During the process of expansion and contraction with the inhaling and exhaling of air, the lungs 19 slide back and forth within the pleural cavity 38. The movement within the pleural cavity 38 is facilitated by the thin layer of mucoid fluid that lies in the pleural space 46 between the parietal pleurae 44 and visceral pleurae 42. As discussed above, when the air sacs in the lungs are damaged 32, such as is the case with emphysema, it is hard to breathe. Thus, isolating the damaged air sacs to improve the elastic structure of the lung improves breathing.

A conventional flexible bronchoscope is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,015 to Nierman for Biopsy Forceps. As shown in FIGS. 2 A-D, bronchoscope 50 can be configured to be of any suitable length, for example, measuring 790 mm in length. The bronchoscope 50 can further be configured from two main parts, a working head 52 and an insertion tube 54. The working head 52 contains an eyepiece 56; an ocular lens with a diopter adjusting ring 58; attachments for the suction tubing 60 and a suction valve 61 and for the cold halogen light source 62 and 63; and an access port or biopsy inlet 64, through which various devices and fluids can be passed into the working channel 66 and out the distal end of the bronchoscope. The working head is attached to the insertion tube, which typically measures 580 mm in length and 6.3 mm in diameter. The insertion tube can be configured to contain fiberoptic bundles (which terminate in the objective lens 30 at the distal tip 68), two light guides 70, 70′ and the working channel 66. The distal end of the bronchoscope has the ability to bend 72 anterior and posterior only, with the exact angle of deflection depending on the instrument used. A common range of bending is from 160 degrees forward to 90 degrees backward, for a total of 250 degrees. Bending is controlled by the operator by adjusting an angle lock lever 74 and angulation lever 76 on the working head. See also, U.S. Patent Pub. US 2005/0288550 A1 to Mathis for Lung Access Device and US 2005/0288549 A1 to Mathis for Guided Access to Lung Tissue.

FIG. 3 illustrates the use of a lung volume reduction delivery device 80 for delivering a lung volume reduction device comprising an implantable device with the bronchoscope 50. The lung volume reduction system, as described in further detail below, is adapted and configured to be delivered to a lung airway of a patient in a delivered configuration and then changed to a deployed configuration. By deploying the device, tension can be applied to the surrounding tissue which can facilitate restoration of the elastic recoil of the lung. The device is designed to be used by an interventionalist or surgeon.

FIGS. 4 A-F illustrate a lung volume reduction device 110 according to an aspect of the invention, with FIGS. 4 B-Fbeing cross-sections taken along the lines B-B, C-C, D-D, E-E and F-F of FIG. 4 A, respectively. The lung volume reduction device 110 includes a member, such as tubular member 112, which has c-cuts 114, or notches, along its length to provide flexibility such that the device can be deflected off a longitudinal axis A when deployed. For example, where the cuts are oriented parallel each other along the length of the tubular member and are of the same or similar depth D, the device will tend to uniformly curve around an axis point when deployed (depicted below). As a result, the device preferentially curls or bends in a direction as determined by the shape of the slots. Different types (width, depth, orientation, etc.) of notches or slots can be used to achieve different operational effects and configurations of the deployed device without departing from the scope of the invention.

Positioned within a lumen 113 of the tubular member 112 is an actuation element 116 or pull-wire. The actuation element can have a circular circumference in cross-section, as depicted, or can have any other suitable cross-section. The actuation element 116 is anchored at one end of the device 110, e.g. the distal end, by a cap 119. The cap 119 can be bonded to the catheter and a distal crimp can be provided to crimp the cap into the pull wire. The rounded cap can also be provided to make the tip of the device atraumatic. The opposing end, e.g. proximal end, is adapted and configured to engage a mechanism 120. The mechanism enables the device to be deployed. The mechanism can further be adapted and configured to enable the device to lock into a deployed configuration once the device 110 is deployed or unlocked to retrieve the device. The device 110 is configured to be detachable from a delivery catheter adapted to deliver the lung volume reduction device (discussed below).

Mechanism 120, at the proximal end of the device, can be adapted to include a retainer ring 122 that engages a ratchet 124 that can be used to lock the device in place. The coupler 126 retains the ratchet 124 such that the ratchet locks the device in place once deployed. At the proximal end a retrieval adapter 130 is provided, such as a pull-wire eyelid. The retrieval adapter 130 is adapted and configured to enable the device to be retrieved at a later point during the procedure or during a subsequent procedure. The ratchet device has flanges that extend away from a central axis when deployed to lock the device in place.

Turning to FIGS. 5 A-B, a lung volume reduction device 210 according to another aspect of the invention is depicted, with FIG. 5 B being a cross-section taken along the lines B-B of FIG. 5 A. Positioned within a lumen 213 of the tubular member 212 is an actuation element 216 or pull-wire. As described above, the actuation element can have a circular circumference in cross-section, as depicted, or can have any other suitable cross-section. The actuation element 216 is anchored at one end of the device 210, e.g. the distal end, by a cap 219. In this embodiment, the retainer ring 222 is configured to provide anchors 223, 223′ or teeth that are adapted to deploy by retracting the retaining sheath of a delivery catheter. When deployed, the anchors 223 contact the airway and affix the device in place. The anchor 223 can be configured to be self-expanding such that the anchors extend away from a central axis A of the device 210 when deployed until the anchors approach or extend through (e.g., hook) the airway. The amount of expansion of the anchors will be controlled by the design and the materials used. For example, where a shape memory material is used, the anchors can be configured to extend away from the longitudinal wall of the tubular member by a predetermined angle a, as depicted ˜10 degrees. The design of the anchor can further be driven by the length of the device. The anchors can be configured to catch on the airway when deployed in a manner similar to the way a stent catches within the vasculature, or the anchor can be designed to cause friction. Prior to deployment, the anchors are retrained by a retaining sheath (illustrated below).

FIGS. 6 A-C illustrate yet another lung volume reduction device according to another aspect of the invention, with FIGS. 6 B-C being cross-sections taken along the lines B-B, and C-C of FIG. 6 A, respectively. As depicted in this embodiment, the lung volume reduction device 310 includes a member, such as tubular member 312, which has c-cuts 314, 314′, or notches, along its length to provide flexibility such that the device can be deflected in more than one direction off a longitudinal axis A when deployed. In this embodiment, the notches are positioned on the member 312 on opposing sides of the member when the member is lying within a plane. For example, where the cuts are oriented parallel each other along the length of the tubular member and are of the same or similar depth D, the device will tend to uniformly curve around an axis point when deployed. In this embodiment, when deployed, the configuration of the notches would result in a deployed configuration that is “s”-shaped when the actuator element 316 is pulled proximally (i.e., toward the user).

FIG. 7 illustrates yet another lung volume reduction device 410 according to another aspect of the invention. In this embodiment, the tubular member 412 has notches 414, 414′, 414″ configured in a spiral pattern along its length. As a result, when the actuation element 416 is pulled proximally toward the user, the device bends to form a spiral as illustrated below.

FIG. 8 illustrates a lung volume reduction device 510 encased in a sheath 535. The sheath can be a polymeric elastic membrane, such as silicone. The sheath can prevent material from a body cavity from entering the lumen 513 of the tubular member 512. An actuation member 516 is provided within the lumen 513 of the tubular member 512.

FIGS. 9 A-D illustrate yet another lung volume reduction device 610 according to another aspect of the invention, with FIGS. 9 B-D being cross-sections taken along the lines B-B, C-C, and D-D of FIG. 9 A, respectively. The lung volume reduction device 610 in this embodiment is comprised of individual segments 612, 612′, 612 ″. The segments can be configured, for example, to have identical asymmetrical configurations such that a compressible space 614 is between each segment before the device is actuated by activating the actuator element 616. Each of the segments can further comprise a detent on a first surface which opposes a mating indentation on a surface of an opposing segment. As will be appreciated, a variety of components of devices disclosed herein can be configured to provide locking or mating mechanisms to facilitate actuation and operation. When the actuation element 616 is activated, the compressible space is reduced and the opposing surfaces of two adjacent segments come together to reduce or eliminate the space between them, depending upon the desired outcome. Where the segments have identical or nearly identical configurations, the device will evenly arc around an axis point. Where the segments do not have identical configurations, a variety of configurations can be achieved upon deployment depending on the configurations of the segments selected and the organization of the segments in the device. As with previous embodiments, the actuator element 616 is secured at one end, e.g., the distal end, by a cap 619. The segments can be formed as hypotubes or can be formed as injection molded or solid pieces. Use of segments can avoid fatigue on the device because the surfaces come in contact with one another during compression. Material selection can also prevent biometallic corrosion. Further, the segment design is conducive for mass production and maintenance of consistence for final shape and operation.

FIGS. 10 A-B illustrate segments 712, 712′ suitable for use in configuring a lung volume reduction device according to an aspect of the invention. The segments, as depicted, can be generally cylindrical with a pair of surfaces that are either parallel or non-parallel each other at either end. To achieve the operation described above, a first surface 713 could be perpendicular to the elongated tubular sides 715 of the element, while the opposing surface 717 is not perpendicular to the sides of the element (or parallel to the opposing first surface). A detent 721 can be provided on one surface that is configured to mate with an indentation 723 the second surface of another. Other configurations, such as a key: keyway combination, can be used without departing from the scope of the invention. A central lumen 725 is provided through which an actuator element (described above) passes through.

In another embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in FIGS. 11 A-F, the device 810 is comprised of a plurality of individual wires formed of shape memory material that resume their shape when implanted. The wires can be heat treated to assume a specific shape, such as a C shape as described above. The wires are then individually implanted through a delivery system 850 such that when the first wire is implanted the diameter of the wire may be small enough that the wire cannot overcome the force applied by the surrounding tissue to assume its pre-configured shape. However, upon implantation of additional wires, the amount of strength available cumulatively among the wires does overcome the force applied by the tissue and the wires, together, achieve the desired shape (see. FIG. 1 F). As will be apparent to those of skill in the art, the strength of a shaped wire can vary depending on how much material is used. For example, a shaped wire with a larger cross-section will have higher strength than a shaped wire with a smaller cross-section. However, a larger diameter wire may be harder to implant because it would be harder to straighten into a shape suitable for deployment. Where many small wires are used, each wire individually is more flexible and can be deployed easier, but as a larger number of wires are implanted the combined strength increases. In some embodiments, it may be useful to configure the devices 810 such that the use of, for example, 50-100 wires will have the strength to overcome pressure applied by the tissue. The wires 810 can be deployed within a flexible polymer tube to keep the wires in proximity to each other.

FIG. 12 illustrates a lock feature positioned at the proximal end of a lung volume reduction device such as those discussed above. The lock feature enables the deployed device to retain tension on the actuation element (e.g. 116) when the device is deployed. The lock mechanism 930 has an eyelid 932 which is adapted to engage a pull string 933. The lock feature normally rests on the inside of the implant and pops open to engage the tabs 934 when the ratchet 936 moves proximally P relative to the slotted tube. A stopper 940 can also be employed in the lung volume reduction devices. A stopper is depicted in FIG. 13. The stopper is adapted to hold the tension on the deployed device. Once the actuation element has been engaged and the desired amount of tension is applied which results in a desired shape of the device, the stopper can be deployed to maintain the tension on the device. The stopper can be configured as depicted with a slotted tube forming flanges 942 adapted to fit within a cap. Each of the flanges can be formed of shape memory material such that the flanges will tend to extend away from a central axis A to engage the interior surface of the cap.

Turning now to FIGS. 14 A-C, a self-locking mechanism 1040 suitable for the proximal end of a lung volume reduction device of the invention is depicted, with FIGS. 14B-C being cross-sections taken along the lines B-B, and C-C of FIG. 14 A, respectively. One or more flanges 1042 are provided. The flanges 1042 can be configured such that the flanges deflect away from a central axis A when not constrained. Thus, as shown in FIGS. 14 B-C, the flanges 1042 are positioned to engage the sides of the of the self locking mechanism 1040. The flanges can be configured such that they form cut-outs that extend from the device, or can be integrally formed such that the self-locking mechanism still forms a solid tube when the flanges are deployed. FIG. 14 C depicts the deployed flanges withdrawn from a retaining tube 1050 of the implant. The interference between the end of the flange and the sides of the retaining tube can be used to prevent, for example, the tap or ratchet from going back into the implant.

The component depicted in FIGS. 15 A-C is a ratchet design used to hold the device in place until the delivery device, e.g. catheter, is decoupled. The device is configured to provide a ratchet mechanism having a ratchet wheel and pawl within the interior surface of the proximal end of the device. A retaining sheath 1152 is provided to hold the ratchet mechanism and prevent it from opening up. The sheath is retracted and then the pull wire 1116 is pulled out. Flanges or tabs 1142 are provided that extend away from a central axis when not constrained. A pin 1154 can be provided that slides within a slot 1156 in the tube 1155 and is engaged at a widened aperture 1156′. When withdrawing the pull wire 1116 the sides of the ratchet can deform away from the central axis A as shown in FIG. 15 C to allow the pull wire to exit. The ratchet tube 1158 can be formed of shape memory material, such as nitinol which can heat set the ratchet to open once the sheath 1152 is removed. Alternatively, the ratchet tube can be formed from stainless steel. Use of stainless steel would require the pull wire with the peg to be pulled out. FIG. 15 D is a cross-section taken along the lines D-D of FIG. 15 A.

FIGS. 16 A-C illustrate yet another mechanism suitable for use with the implantable devices of the invention, wherein a detent 1254 positioned on the inner surface of the ratchet tube 1258. Two tubes 1257, 1257′ are used to lock the device in place. Once the first tube 1257 is pulled out, the second tube 1257′ can deflect away from the detent 1254, thereby unlocking the coupling. The detent 1254 can be configured in the shape of a ball as depicted in the cross-section shown in FIG. 16 C. This system can be used to de-couple the delivery device.

FIGS. 17A-B and 18 depict alternative mechanisms for de-coupling the device 1358. As depicted in FIGS. 17A-B, a push bar 1357′ is used to push back a latch bar 1357. The latch bar is adapted to engage a lip on the interior of the device, the push bar deflects the latch bar away from the lip 1359 and enables the bar to be withdrawn as shown in FIG. 17B. In FIG. 18, a retaining sheath 1460 is employed which, when withdrawn in the proximal direction, enables the arms of the latch device 1457 to deflect away from a central axis, and disengage from a retaining lip 1459 of device 1458. FIG. 19 illustrates yet another embodiment. In the embodiment illustrated, a central pin 1557 is withdrawn which allows the claws 1555 to relax and withdraw away (toward a central axis) from retaining lip 1559 of latch bar 1558.

FIGS. 20A-E illustrates a hitch pin configuration useful for use in actuating and de-coupling the delivery device. A portion of the lung volume reduction device 1610 is depicted with an actuation element 1616 positioned therein. A locking mechanism 1040 such as depicted in FIG. 14 engages the proximal end of the device 1610. A hitch pin de-coupling system 1662 is attached to the locking mechanism 1040. Alternatively, the hitch pin can be adapted to decouple from the ratchet mechanism. The hitch pin system 1662 has a hitch pin wire 1664 that engages a hitch pin 1666 loop wire. When the hitch pin wire is inserted it maintains the hitch pin in contact with the locking shaft 1668.

FIG. 21 illustrates an activation mechanism suitable for use with the invention. The activation mechanism 1770 has a handle 1771 which a user can squeeze to activate the device. Two levers 1772, 1772′ of the handle will be advanced toward each other as the user squeezes the levers together. Stoppers 1773 can be provided to control or pre-set the amount of pulling the activation mechanism can achieve in a single squeeze. The amount of displacement of wire at the distal end is indicated by the displacement x from a vertical axis that occurs of hinged lever 1774 positioned between the two levers of the activation mechanism when the user squeezes the levers together. FIG. 22 illustrates an alternative mechanism for proximally controlling the deployment of the device. As illustrated in FIG. 22 a pistol actuator 1870 is provided that has a trigger 1872 which can be pulled back toward a handle 1871. The amount of displacement of the wire can be controlled by the distance x that the trigger is pulled toward the handle. A linear actuation motion can also be simulated by using spur gears 1890 having teeth machined parallel to its axis, such as that shown in FIG. 23.

FIG. 24 illustrates another proximal control mechanism 1970 adapted for user control of the delivery device and implant. The control mechanism includes a hand grasper 1972, 1972′ with four-bar linkages 1974. When a user presses down on the hand grasper, the device adapts its configuration from angled to flat, which pulls the catheter proximally (toward the user) to actuate the implant within the patient.

The device illustrated in FIG. 25 is another proximal control mechanism 2070 adapted for the user to control the temperature of the self-expanding implant during the deployment process. In this embodiment, cold saline is advanced distally 2071 to maintain the implant in a martensitic state (i.e., a state have a “soft” microstructure that allows deformation). A return path 2071′ is provided to bring the saline back to the mechanism for cooling. Maintenance of the martensitic state enables the device to remain flexible and soft during implant delivery. The chilled saline, or other suitable material, can be pumped 2072 or circulated to the implant. A chiller 2073 can be provided to cool down the material circulating to the device on its return path. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to control the temperature of the device, e.g., during the implantation process.

Turning now to FIG. 26, a distal configuration of a recapture device 2080 is depicted. The proximal end of the implanted device 2010 is engaged by the recapture device 2080 which is adapted to encircle the exterior of the implanted device. The device comprises a high pressure balloon 2081 adapted to engage a recovery catheter. An inflation port 2082 is provided through which, for example, cold fluid can be pumped to facilitate deflecting the nitinol tabs 2034. Once the tabs are deflected and moved toward the central axis A of the device, the lock mechanism holding the actuation wire in a curved condition can be released, the implanted device straightened and withdrawn. FIGS. 27A-B illustrates an alternative embodiment of a retrieval device 2180, where forceps 2181 are used to provide lateral force on the tabs 2034, thus pressing the tabs in toward the central axis of the device 2110 to enable the lock mechanism holding the actuation wire to be released as described above. As illustrated in FIG. 27B, the forceps can then withdraw the straightened device by pulling on the device.

A variety of mechanisms can be used to couple the clip of the device to the catheter. As shown in FIGS. 28 A-B, the implantable device 2210 has a ring with a key 2291 associated with one of the device or the delivery catheter and a keyway 2292 associated with an opposing ring associated with remaining one of the device or delivery catheter. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, more than one key or keyway can be provided, as desired, to control the torque. As shown in FIG. 28 B, the two rings are adapted to abut each other to lock the device and allow transfer for torque between the catheter and the device. The key: keyway design illustrated in FIG. 28 B can also be applied to the delivery or retrieval devices and the proximal end of the device.

FIGS. 29 A-C illustrates another retrieval mechanism 2380. The retrieval mechanism employs a hook 2393 adapted to hook into a loop 2394 at the proximal end of the device. The hook can be incorporated into the actuation mechanism 2316 such that hook 2393 extends from the actuation mechanism at the proximal end of the device 2310. Once hooked the apparatus de-activates the locking mechanism, which releases the tension on the actuator 2316. The catheter is then advanced to engage the locking flanges 2334 to push them in toward a central axis A, unlocking the device 2310 by removing tension from the actuation member 2316 and allowing the device to be withdrawn or relocated. In yet another embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 30 A-B, a hypotube 2495 associated with, for example, a catheter is adapted to slide over the proximal end of the device 2410. A snare wire 2496 is configured to fit over the proximal end of the device much like a lasso. In operation, the snare wire 2496 is looped over the proximal end of the device 2410, and pulled proximally to push the hypotube distally toward the device. This enables the combination to hold onto the implant, advance the locking hypotube forward to unlock the tabs or flanges 2434.

FIGS. 31 A-D illustrate devices 2510 according to the invention in a variety of deployed configurations. FIG. 31 Aillustrates the device 2510 having a longitudinal configuration, such as the configuration assumed prior to deployment. When the device is implanted and placed in compression or tension axially, the device will preferentially bend. The actual preferential bending will vary depending upon the configuration of the device. For example, the location, depth, and orientation of the slots depicted in FIGS. 4-8; or the orientation of the walls of the segments of FIG. 9. As FIG. 31 B illustrates, for example, where the device 2510 has evenly spaced c-cuts or notches along its length the device will preferentially bend such that the walls of forming the “c” or notch will approach each other, or pinch together, resulting in a deployed device that has preferentially bent into a curved “c” shape (see, FIGS. 4-5). This results because as tension is applied on the actuation device, or wire, the implant deforms and the wire takes a shorter path. FIG. 31 C illustrates a device deployed into an “S” shape, such as would be achieved using a configuration like that depicted in FIG. 6. As will be appreciated, the S-shape could continue, much like a sine wave, in an many curves as desired depending upon the configuration of the device. FIG. 31 Dillustrates a device deployed into a spiral configuration (see, FIG. 7). As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art upon reviewing this disclosure, other configurations can be achieved by, for example, altering the size and location of the c-cuts on the tubular member, or by altering the configuration of the segments illustrated in FIGS. 9-10.

FIG. 32 illustrates a lung volume reduction device 2610 in combination with a delivery device 2680. The device 2610 is adapted to provide a tubular member 2612 having a lumen 2613 through which an actuation element 2614 is provided. The tubular member 2612 has a series of c-cuts 2614′ along its length that enable the device to preferentially bend when deployed. As will be appreciated, for purposes of illustration, a device similar to that depicted in FIG. 4 has been illustrated. Other devices can be used without departing from the scope of the invention. A device 2680 is provided that engages flanges 2634 of a lock mechanism to push the flanges in toward a central axis enabling tension applied to the actuation element 2614 to be relieved, thus enabling the device to be removed. The device can be activated by pulling the central rod in a proximal direction. The decoupler (outer rod) is then pulled in the proximal direction.

FIGS. 33 A-C illustrates devices 2710 according to the invention implanted within, for example, a bronchiole 26. The device 2710 depicted in FIG. 33 A is configured to provide an atraumatic tip 2711 on either end of the device. When the device 2710 is activated within the bronchiole 26 the device curves. As illustrated in FIG. 33 C the device can also be configured with a single atraumatic tip so that the deployment mechanism 2720 can easily interface with the proximal end of the device.

In some instances, where the device has been implanted for a length of time sufficient for tissue in-growth to occur, a torquable catheter 2750 having a sharp blade (not shown) within its lumen can be advanced along the length of the device 2710 to enable tissue to be cut away from the implant prior to withdrawal such as shown in FIGS. 34 A-B. This enables the device to be cut away from the airway wall in order to facilitate withdrawal.

FIGS. 35 A-C illustrates the process of implanting the device within a lung. As is evidence, the device 2810 is advanced is a configuration where the device adapts to the anatomy of the lungs through the airways and into, for example, the bronchioles until it reaches a desired location relative to the damaged tissue 32. The device is then activated by engaging the actuation device, causing the device to curve and pull the lung tissue toward the activated device (see, FIG. 35 B). The device continues to be activated until the lung tissue is withdrawn a desired amount, such as depicted in FIG. 35 C. Once activated sufficiently, the deployment device is withdrawn from the lung cavity.

A variety of steps for performing a method according to the invention would be appreciated by those skilled in the art upon review of this disclosure. However, for purposes of illustration, FIG. 36 illustrates the steps including, insertion of the device 3610, activating the device 3620, such as by activating an actuator; bending the device into a desired configuration 3630 and locking the device into a deployed condition. As will be appreciated the step of bending the device can be achieved by activating the actuator, as described above, or by the implant being restored into a preconfigured shape.

In one embodiment, the device operation includes the step of inserting a bronchoscope into a patient's lungs and then inserting an intra-bronchial device or lung volume reduction device into the bronchoscope. The intra-bronchial device is then allowed to exit the distal end of the bronchoscope where it is pushed into the airway. A variety of methods can then be used to verify the positioning of the device to determine if the device is in the desired location. Suitable methods of verification include, for example, visualization via visualization equipment, such as fluoroscopy, CT scanning, etc. Thereafter the device is activated by pulling the pull wire proximally (i.e., toward the user and toward the exterior of the patient's body). At this point, another visual check can be made to determine whether the device has been positioned and deployed desirably. Thereafter, the device can be fully actuated and the ratchet can be allowed to lock and hold the device in place. Thereafter, the implant is decoupled from the delivery catheter and the delivery catheter is removed.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the device can be manufactured and deployed such that it is deliverable through a bronchoscope. When actuated, the device can be adapted and configured to bend or curl which then distorts the airway paths and the lung tissue. By compressing the lung tissue, the device can result in an increase in elastic recoil and tension in at least some cases. Additionally, in some instances, lung function can be restored regardless of collateral ventilation. Further, the diaphragm may, in some instances, move up once greater tension is created which enables the lung cavity to operate more effectively.

Devices according to the invention have a small cross-section, typically less than 10 F. The flexibility of the device prior to deployment facilitates advancement of the device through the totuous lung anatomy. Once deployed, the device can remain rigid to hold and maintain a tissue deforming effect. Further, the device design facilitates recapture, de-activation and removal as well as adjustment in place.

Candidate materials for the devices and components described herein would be known by persons skilled in the art and include, for example, suitable biocompatible materials such as metals (e.g. stainless steel, shape memory alloys, such a nickel titanium alloy (nitinol), titanium, and cobalt) and engineering plastics (e.g. polycarbonate). See, for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,546 to Jervis for Medical Devices Incorporating SIM Memory Alloy Elements and U.S. Pat. No. 5,964,770 to Flomenblit for High Strength Medical Devices of Shape Memory Alloy. In some embodiments, other materials may be appropriate for some or all of the components, such as biocompatible polymers, including polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyacrylamide, polyethylene, and polysulphone.

Other polymers that may be suitable for use in some embodiments, for example other grades of PEEK, such as 30% glass-filled or 30% carbon filled, provided such materials are cleared for use in implantable devices by the FDA, or other regulatory body. The use of glass filled PEEK would be desirable where there was a need to reduce the expansion rate and increase the flexural modulus of PEEK for the instrument. Glass-filled PEEK is known to be ideal for improved strength, stiffness, or stability while carbon filled PEEK is known to enhance the compressive strength and stiffness of PEEK and lower its expansion rate. Still other suitable biocompatible thermoplastic or thermoplastic polycondensate materials may be suitable, including materials that have good memory, are flexible, and/or deflectable have very low moisture absorption, and good wear and/or abrasion resistance, can be used without departing from the scope of the invention. These include polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polyetherketone (PEK), polyetherketoneetherketoneketone (PEKEKK), and polyetheretherketoneketone (PEEKK), and generally a polyaryletheretherketone. Further other polyketones can be used as well as other thermoplastics. Reference to appropriate polymers that can be used in the tools or tool components can be made to the following documents, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. These documents include: PCT Publication WO 02/02158 A1, to Victrex Manufacturing Ltd. entitled Bio-Compatible Polymeric Materials; PCT Publication WO 02/00275 A1, to Victrex Manufacturing Ltd. entitled Bio-Compatible Polymeric Materials; and PCT Publication WO 02/00270 A1, to Victrex Manufacturing Ltd. entitled Bio-Compatible Polymeric Materials. Still other materials such as Bionate®, polycarbonate urethane, available from the Polymer Technology Group, Berkeley, Calif., may also be appropriate because of the good oxidative stability, biocompatibility, mechanical strength and abrasion resistance. Other thermoplastic materials and other high molecular weight polymers can be used as well for portions of the instrument that are desired to be radiolucent.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. 

1. A method of reducing lung volume of an emphysema patient, the patient having a lung with an airway having a region defining a first path before treatment, the lung having an emphysematous lung volume and disposed within a thoracic cavity, the method comprising: inserting a device into the airway in a delivery configuration, wherein the device in the delivery configuration comprises an elongate body having a first end and a second end with a length therebetween, the length of the elongate body extending along an axis, and wherein the device is inserted axially into the airway so that the length of the elongate body is positioned along the region of the airway; bending the device into a deployed configuration within the region of the airway by deflecting the first end of the elongate body laterally from the axis so that the elongate body laterally engages the airway between the first end and the second end and the lateral engagement between the elongate body and the airway urges the region of the airway along the elongate body to bend laterally from the first path to a second path, the second path being more bent than the first path, so as to locally compress adjacent lung tissue within the lung such that a treated lung volume of the lung is less than the emphysematous lung volume, such that tension of lung tissue within the thoracic cavity increases, and such that lung function is restored; inhibiting trauma to the airway while bending the airway with a distal autramatic tip mounted to the first end of the elongate body and with a proximal autramatic tip mounted to the second end of the elongate body, wherein the device is advanced distally into the airway, and wherein the autramatic tips include rounded surfaces; and wherein the device is released within the airway, the device comprising an implant.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of bending comprises operating an actuator outside the patient, the actuator being operatively connected to the device.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of bending further comprising locking the device into the deployed configuration.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of bending further comprising unlocking the device to permit it to return to the delivery configuration.
 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising disconnecting the actuator from the device so that the device remains implanted when the actuator is removed from the patient.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises a plurality of asymmetric segments, inserting comprises delivering the plurality of asymmetric segments to the airway.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of bending comprises rotating at least one asymmetric segment with respect to at least another asymmetric segment.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises shape memory material, bending comprises permitting the device to bend itself
 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising delivering an overtube and subsequently delivering a shape memory element to the overtube.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of bending comprises bending the device into a substantially C shape.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of bending comprises bending the device into a substantially S shape.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of bending comprises bending the device into a substantially spiral shape.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of inserting comprises delivering the device through a working channel of a bronchoscope.
 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of inserting further comprising retrieving the device from the airway.
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the device is adapted to provide strain relief on an end of the device during deployment.
 16. A method of treating a patient, the patient having a lung with an airway having a region defining a first path before treatment, the lung disposed within a thoracic cavity, the method comprising: inserting a device distally into the airway in a delivery configuration, wherein the device in the delivery configuration comprises an elongate body having a first end and a second end with a length therebetween, the length of the elongate body extending along an axis, and wherein the device is inserted axially into the airway so that the length of the elongate body is positioned along the region of the airway; bending the device into a deployed configuration within the region of the airway by deflecting the first end of the elongate body laterally from the axis so that the elongate body laterally engages the airway between the first end and the second end and the lateral engagement between the elongate body and the airway urges the region of the airway along the elongate body to bend laterally from the first path to a second path, the second path being more bent than the first path, so as to locally compress adjacent lung tissue within the lung such that tension of lung tissue within the thoracic cavity increases, and such that lung function is restored; inhibiting trauma to the airway while bending the airway with a distal autramatic tip mounted to the first end of the elongate body and with a proximal autramatic tip mounted to the second end of the elongate body, wherein the autramatic tips include rounded surfaces; and wherein the device is released within the airway, the device comprising an implant. 